The present work investigates the thermodynamic optimality of a double-effect vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS) driven by blowdown heat of a 210 MW thermal power plant at Badarpur using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM helps to develop a relation amongst the decision variables and the second law efficiency via second-order nonlinear polynomial regression equation. In addition, the analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) is applied to identify the decision variables having a significant effect on the system’s thermal performance. Moreover, coefficient of structural bond (CSB) analysis of the evaporator is carried out. The decision variables are the temperatures of the high-pressure generator, low-pressure generator, condenser, absorber, and evaporator. Results conclude that the second law efficiency is affected significantly by absorber temperature (F value = 2049.4), followed by condenser temperature (F value = 1596.4), and is least affected by high-pressure generator temperature (F value = 495). CSB value of the Evaporator is 0.5851.